Plane.



Patonted Mar. 25, |902."

No. 696,08l. I

v P L A N E.

(Application led Nov. 2, 1901.)

(lo Model.)

if M25;

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

STANLEY'RULE dt LEVEL CUT, A CORPORATION OF COMPANY, or

CONNECTICUT.

NEW BRITAIN, CONNECTI-A PLANE.

SPECIFICATION 'forming part of Letters Patent No. 696,081, dated March e5, 1902.

Application tiled November 2, 1901. Serial No. 80,85 4. (No model.)

To @ZZ whom it may concern,.-

Be it known that I, HENRY RICHARDS, a citizen of the United States, residing at Pine Meadow, in the town of New Hartford, in the county of Litchfield and State of Connecticut, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Planes, of which the following is a specification.

This inventionV relates principally yto the manner of seating frogs upon the stocks of bench-planes. tocks are generally cast with wide and broad thick seats, thus making a large mass of metal at one portion of a thin casting, which engenders trouble both in casting the stock and subsequently in finishing the same. In casting the thin plates forming the sole and sides of the stock cool, while the thick mass forming the seat is still hot, so

, uisite depth for properly -the unsupported fore 'that as the latter subsequently cools stresses are set up, which .are liable to cause flaws in the castings. In finishing these stresses become manifest when the bottom surface of the sole is faced olf by throwing the surface out of alinement, making an extra-finishing operation necessary. Moreover, finishing a broad surface for the frog-seat often throws the stock out of true, necessitating a further cut to be taken upon the bottom surface thereof. Metal planes arevpeculiarly sensitive to the action of such stresses, since the sole and flanges thereof are necessarily made thin in order to minimize the weight, and hence warp from very slight causes. Moreover,the weight of a broad and wide solid seat for the frog, with which the stock is usually provided, vis a source of objection. -For this reason it is impracticable to form threaded holes of reqreceiving the vertical frog-clamping screws, so that stripping of the threads is liable to occur and the screws do not reliably clamp the frog upon its seat. Moreover, said seats have not sufcient thickness to properly accommodate a fore-and-aft frog-adjusting screw. Many of these defects are due to the necessity of lowering the seat of the frog as far as possible, so that the seat may extend close to the throat, thus making part of the frog of minimum length to avoid chattering. It is pringrain to employ'a diiferent tion of the plane and increase its in good practice be of such height as to have '1- a substantial bracing eect upon the stock, so that the latter is veryliable to warp, even being distorted in some cases by the mere tightening of the frog clamping screws. Again, planes as heretofore constructed have been more or less liable to chatter, this fault being -attributed to the upward pressure or reaction of the wood against the edge of the blade, whereby the fore part of the frog is sprung, thus setting up a vibration. particularly the case when the wood is hard and resisting-as, for instance, in facing rosewood across the end of the grain. Owing to this defect the range of work which can be performed by a plane of the usual structure -is seriously reduced, so that it is necessary in most cases when facing across the end of the type of a plane specially fitted fory the work.

This invention aims to improve the operarange of use- 'fulness and also to enable high-class planes to be produced at lowcost by overcoming various difficulties in their manufacture. I greatly reduce the stresses which are set up by the cooling of the stock in casting, so as to prevent flaws and also minimize the liability of the stock warping at the finishing operations, and I restrict such stresses to a limited portion of the plane considered lengthwise, hollows in the stock, due to shrinkage. I reduce the surface forming the main seat for the frog, so that the finishing thereof may not warp the stock, and distribute the metal in such a manner that the stock is substantially stiffened without adding to its weight unduly, if at all. I make provision for threaded holes of ample depth and capacity and seat the frog so firmly upon the stock as not only to prevent chattering, but also to greatly improve the effectiveness of the plane and increase its range of efficiency and to steady the fore part' of the frogl at the point where the plane-iron is clamped thereon, while permitting ample adjustment for closing or opening the throat, and also prevent chattering thus avoiding the usual depressions orV This is of the plane, due to the springing of the frog, by either the downward drag or the upward resistance of the wood. In general I furnish a construction adapted to meet all of the numerous and peculiar requirements necessary in practice for satisfactory results in planes of this class, and especially when employed upon highly-resistant woods and when set for the production of fine surfaces, in which cases any flexibility or chattering is'particularly objectionable.

A further object of my invention is to overcome a fault in the cam usually employed to clamp the plane-irons upon the frog, whereby the pressure at the lower portion of the blade is relieved and chips are permitted to crowd up between the blade and the cap-plate thereon.

In the drawings accompanying and forming part of this specification, Figure 1 is a side elevation, partly in section, of a plane made in accordance with my improvements. Fig. 2 is a cross-section taken on the line ac of Fig. 3 and showing an adjustable frog from the rear. Fig. 3 is an enlarged sectional elevation of the frog and parts adjacent thereto shown at Fig. 1, this section being taken on the median line of the plane. Fig. 4 is a section similar to Fig. 3, but taken on the line/ 1j y of Fig. 2. Fig. 5 is a plan of the middle section of my improved plane-stock and showing also a frog-adjusting screw. Fig. G is a fragmentary View similar to Fig. 4, but showing the frog as adjusted forwardly so as to nearly close the throatr In the several views similar parts are designated bysimilar numerals of reference.

The plane-stock may consist of a thin floor or sole 1, finished upon its bottom surface, and thin side flanges 2, connected forwardly of the throat 3 by means of a thin high stiffening-rib 4. The stock may also be provided with the usual back handle 5 and front knob 6. At a point well in rear of the throat I join the iianges 2 by a high rib 7, which may be rather thin in cross-section, and trusses the side fianges, producing a stiff box-like device. The top edge of the rib is faced off at 7a in parallelism with the bottom or working surface of the stock. Upon the forward side of the rib 7 I provide bosses S, one at each side of the median line of the plane, in which I form threaded vertical holes 9 for the reception of screws 10, which clamp a frog 11 upon the stock. At a point between the bosses 8 I form in the rib 7 a threaded horizontal perforation 12 for the reception of a screw 13, whereby the frog may be adjusted forward and back, so as to close or open the throat 3. Along the rear edge of the throat I thicken the sole and finish its upper surface at 14 in parallelism with the top 7:L of the rib 7, so that the surfaces 14 and 7 may coperate to form a chair for the frog'. The thickened portion at 14 braces the comparatively weak sole of the plane at this point, but is very much depressed below the surface 7, so that said surfaces form steps, which are separated, so as to give a broad bearing for the frog.

The frog consists of the body portion 11 and a forwardly-sloping bed 15, the lower part of thelatter at 15CL projecting downwardly and forwardly from the body portion. At its lower edge said projecting part is fitted upon the step 14, so that the frog may be adjusted forward and back in parallelismwith the working face of the plane and be always firmly seated upon the chair. As will be observed at Fig. 4, the frog is provided with slots 16 for the binding-screws 10, permitting the adjustment of the frog, which may be effected by means of the fore-andaft screw 13, whose grooved head engages a slotted ear 17, secured to the frog by a screw 18.

A blade 19 lies upon the bed 15 and projects beyond the lower edge thereof into the throat 3. This blade may be of the usual construction and is provided with a customary cap-plate 20. The usual longitudinal and transverse adjustments may be effected by means of a screw-operated yoke-lever 21 and a swinging lever 22. The plate-irons 19 and 2O are releasably secured upon the bed by means of a clamping-bow 23, which bears at its lower end upon the cap-plate 20 and at its upper end is provided with an improved camlever 24 and works upon the head of a screw 25, projecting from the frog.

It will be observed that by dividing the chair into two well-separated portions abroad seat is obtained for the frog without unduly weighting the plane. The forward step 14 steadies the frog, and hence the blade, at a point close atthe workingsurface of the plane, the plane being adjustable for dierent kinds of work without detracting from the steadiness of the frog at this point. The high truss 7 renders the stock especially rigid at the very point where the distortivestresses are produced by the clamping-screws, so that the frog may be secu rely clamped upon its broad chair without warping the thin plane-stock.

The feature of adequately supporting the fore part of the frog when it is adjusted forwardly for different classes of work, as at Fig.

G, is of great importance in my improved plane, since the blade is always given a firm bearing at a point very close to its cutting edge. My improvement is of great value when the plane is used upon highly-resistant woods and when set for the production of fine surfaces, in which case any flexibility of the knife is particularly objectionable, producing chattering and making it diiiicult or impossible to produce the desired finish. It will also be seen that by dividing the chair into two steps and placing one thereof close to the edge of the throat, so as to afford a positive support for the lower edge of the frog', I am able to heighten the rear step materially, and I thus not only materially stiffen the thin plane- IOO IIO

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stock, but apply the stifening-truss at the very portion which is subjected to the most stress. Moreover, I am enabled to increase the depth of the holes for theclamping-screws and also to make'ample provision for a foreand aft adjusting-screw and all wit-hout adding` materially to the weight, but instead reducing the objectionable thickness of metal usual in stock of this kind.

A further and important feature of my improvements appertains to the means illustrated for putting the fore part or nose of the frog normally enabled to secure a perfect actionv of the plane. As will be observed at Fig. 4, the clamping-screwslO bear upon the frog at a point between the two 'steps of the chair, thereby not only clamping the body ofthe frog securely upon the rear step, butalso tending to fiex the fore part of the frog and holding it down upon the seat 14 Wit-l1 considerablepressure. Owing to this normal'tension upon the frog, it results that applying pressure to or removing it from the blade when planing operates in a far less degree than heretofore to spring the frog. It will be understood that when a frog is held-upon a broad single seat by means of screws located in the usual manner this normal stress or tension of the frog is wanting, and the fore part of the frog consequently is left somewhat iieXible, so that thepressure of the wood upward under the point of the blade springs up both the blade and the frog and permits a "ibration which in many cases amounts to a chattering of the edge of the blade upon the wood. Thus it will be seen that I not only provide a positive support at alltimes for the fore part 'of the frog, but also that I spring said fore part upon saidsupport, so that the blade is prevented from chattering either by the downward pull or by the upward thrust of the wood. Ithus widenithe range yof work for which this type of plane Vis adapted and secure a more reliable operation and better results generally on all kinds of work.

Owing to the proximity ofthe clampingscrews to the rear-step` '7? and their remoteness fromtheforward step 14, the pressure upon the frog is distributed between the two steps in substantialcorrespondence lto the relative abilities of the two portions of the thin stock to sustain the pressure without warping ordistortion, so that the frog is thus putinto condition to avoid chattering without incurring a liability :of distorting the stock. j Y l Y -Y f The cam-lever 24is formed with a curvedworking surface 24", which as the leverv is turned gradually forces-the bow against the plane-irons, said surface *24* terminating in a tangential stop-surface 24h, which arrests the lever justas the point of greatestcompression is reached, so that there is no possibility of a reactional movement of the planeirons,'as is usually the case7 and the latter are held under maximum tension, thus imunder tension, whereby I am f becomes provingtheir actionand avoiding theliability of chipsworking between the irons.V

Not the. least of the several valuable features of my invention consists in the provi- 'sion fol-adj ustment of the frog forth and back in substantial parallelism with the finished bottom or working surface of the stock and at the same time enabling said frog however 'adjusted tobe firmly supported not only at its main or body portion, but also at its front end. At least one and preferably .both of the elements 15% and 14 are finished in substantial parallelism with the working surface of the stock, and the'same is true ofthe elements 7 and 11. trated a parallelism of adjustmentris secured through a parallelism of bearing-surfaces with the working or bottom face of the stock, one of said parallel bearingsurfaces being in front and being formed or provided upon either the frog or the and also formed or provided upon either the frog or the stock, the surfaces contacting with said parallel' bearing-surfacesbeing themselves preferably also parallel with said working face ofthe stock, thereby giving considerable breadth or area of contact at both the fore and aft portions of the frog, which is desirable. It will be understood that by having at least one such parallel bearing-surface in front and at the lowerportionofthe plane and at least one more such parallel bearing-surface in rear and at a considerable elevationit practicable both to adjust the frog forth and back and also to support the same firmly both fore and aft at all such adjustments. I consider it of especialvalue that the portionv 7 of the stock has a stepwisearrangement relatively to the bearing-surface at the throat in said stock, since thereby it becomes practicable in this class of -planes to effect a parallel adjustment of the frog while always rmly supporting not but also the fore foot of the latter, this fore foot being an exceedingly sensitive Apart of the plane and the true action thereof being of the utmost importance.v It `Will be observed that the frog at its forward end affords a direct support for: the lower ends of-the plane-ironsand also at said end and close to the lower ends of said plane-irons bears directly upon the sole of the stock at all times. By maintaining the frog constantly at the sameV vertical distance from the workingsurstockl the throat-may be face or floor of the closed or openedY -to .any

extentby a simple and rapid manipulation -without the necesl sity of resetting the plane-irons either in longitudinal direction or transversely bymeans of the lever 22, while at alltimes the action of the plane-is rendered most satisfactory. In this instance the adjustment of the frog is effected by means of a fore-and-aft screw threaded 'into thematerial-of the'stock be-` neath the base of the frogand connected to the latter.

In the construct-ion illus-l only the bodyA stock, and another of v said parallel'bearing-surfaces being in rear y ICO Variations may be resorted to within the scope of my invention, and portions of my improvements may be used without others.

Having described my invention, I claim- 1. A metallic plane-stock having a thin sole and thin side flanges, and also having at the rear edge of the throat a depressed step, and well in rear thereof an elevated step; the upper surfaces of said steps being finished parallel with each other and substantially parallel with the working surface of the stock, so as to form a chair for a frog; and said elevated step being in the form of a high rib erected upon the sole and trussing the side flanges, so as to form a box-like device.

2. A metallic plane-stock having a thin sole and thin side flanges, and also having at the rear edge of the throat a depressed step, and well in rear thereof an elevated step; said depressed step being in the form of a slight thickening of the edge of the sole along the rear side of the throat, andl said elevated step being in the form of a high rib erected upon the sole and trussing the side iianges, so as to form a box-like device; the upper surfaces of said steps being finished parallel with each other and substantially parallel with the working surface of the stock, so as to form a chair for a frog.

3. A metallic plane-stock having a high step which is provided with a deep threaded hole for receiving a frog-clamping screw; said stock also having at the rear edge of the throat and forward of said high step a depressed step; and said steps being finished in parallelism with the working surface of the stock and cooperatively adapted to form a chair for a frog.

4. A metallic plane-stock having a thin sole and thin side flanges, and also having well in rear of the throat a thin high transverse rib which trusses said flanges and also forms a rear step, said rib being provided with two deep holes for receiving frog-clamping devices, one hole at each side of the stock; said stock also having at the rear edge of the throat a depressed forward step which is formed by thickening the throat edge of the sole; said step being cooperatively adapted to form a chair for a frog, and each thereof being finished parallel with the workin g surface of the stock.

5. A metallic plane-stock having a rearstep provided at its front side with a threaded hole for receiving a frog-clampin g screw; and also having at the rear edge of the throat and forward of said threaded hole a depressed step; said steps being finished in parallelism with the working surface of the stock and coperatively adapted to form a chair for a frog.

G. A metallic plane-stock having asole and side flanges and also having well in rear of the throat a narrow high transverse rib which trusses the flanges and also forms a rear step; said step having at its forward side two threaded holes, one at each side of the median line of the stock, for receiving frog-clamping screws; said sole alsovhaving at the rear edge of the throat, a thickening which forms a depressed forward step; said steps being finished in parallelism and cooperatively adapted to form a chair for afrog.

7. A metallic plane-stock having a sole and side flanges, and also having well in rear of the throat a narrow high transverse rib which trusses said flanges and also forms a rear step; said rib having a fore-and-aft threaded perforation for receiving a long frog-adjusting screw, which may project forwardly through said rib; and also having an up-and-down threaded hole for receiving a frog-clamping screw; said stock also having at the rear edge of the throat a depressed forward step; said steps being cooperatively adapted to form a chair for a frog, and being finished parallel with the working surface of the stock.

8. A metallic plane-stock having a sole and side flanges and also having well in rear of the throat a narrow high transverse rib which trusses said flanges and also forms a rear step; said rib having a fore-and-aft threaded perforation for receiving a long frog-adjusting screw, which may project forwardly through said rib; and said sole also having at the rear edge of the throat a depressed forward step; said steps being finished in parallelism and being substantially parallel with the working surface of the stock, and being coperatively adapted to form a chair for a frog.

9. A metallic plane-stock having a sole and side fianges and also having well in rear of the throat a narrow high transverse rib which trusses said flanges and also forms arearstep; said rib having a fore-and-aft threaded perforation for receiving a frog-adjusting screw, and also having at its front side two vertical threaded holes, one upon each side of said perforation, for receiving frog clamping screws; said sole being also thickened at the rear edge of the throat so as to form a depressed forward step; said steps being finished in parallelism and substantially parallel with the workin g surface of the stock, and being coperatively adapted to form a chair for a frog.

10. A metallic plane-stock having well in rear of the throat a pair of vertically bored and threaded bosses formed upon the front side of a rear step; said stock also having at the rear edge of said throat and forward of said bosses a thickening which forms a dcpressed forward step; and said stepsbeing finished in parallelism with the working surface of thestock and coperatively adapted to form a chair for a frog.

11. A metallic plane-stock having asole and side flanges and also having well in rear of the throat a pair of vertically-bored bosses formed upon the front side of a narrow high transverse rib that trusses said flanges, and also forms a rear step; said stock also having at the rear of said throat a depressed forward step; said steps being coperatively adapted to form a chair for a frog; and said rib being also provided between said bosses with a fore- IOO IIO

and-aft threaded perforation for receiving a frog-adjusting device.

12. In a plane, the combination of a stock and a frog; the stoclchaving a thin sole and thin side fianges, and alsohavng at the rear edge of the throata depressed step, and well in rear thereof an elevated step; the upper surfaces of said steps being finished parallel with each other and substantially parallel with the` working surface of the stock; saidA elevated step being in the form of a high rib .erected upon the sole and trussing the side flanges, so as to form a box-like device; and said frog being fitted to and adjustably secured upon said steps.

13. In a plane, the combination of a stock and a frog; the stock having a sole and side fianges, and also having well in rear of the throat a narrow high transverse rib which trusses said flanges and also forms a rear step; said stock also having at the rear edge of the throat `a depressed forward step; and said frog being thereto by one or more screws which pass down into deep holes formed in said truss, and being also connected to a fore-and-aft screw which engages a threaded perforation also formed in said truss.

14. In a plane, the combination with a stock having a chair consisting of separatedseats, of a frog fastened upon said chair by means of a device which bears upon the frog at a point between said seats and thereby causes the frog to bear upon both seats.

15. In aplane, the combination with a stock having a chair consisting of separated seats, of a frog fastened upon said chair by means of a device which bears upon the frog at a point between said seats but close to one thereof, so as to cause the frog to bear unequally upon the seats.

16. In aplane,the combination with astock, of a frog fastened thereon and capable of fore-and-aft adjustment; said stock having aV soleand side flanges, and having at the rear edge of the throat a depressed stepand well inYA narrow high transverse rear of the throat a rib which trusses said fianges and also forms a rear step; and saidfrog being fastened by one or more screws placed at the forward side of said rear step, and bearing upon the frog between its fore-and-aft supports, so that the frog is rigidly seated upon the rear step andis also caused to bear firmly-upon the front step at all such adjustments of said frog.

17. In a plane, the combination of a stock and a frog; the stock having a thin sole and thin side fianges, and also having at the rear edge of the throat a depressed step, and well in rear thereof an elevated step; the upper surfaces of said steps being finished parallel with each other and substantially parallel with the working surface of the stock; said elevated step being inthe form of a high rib erected upon the sole and trussing the side flanges, so as to form a box-like device; and said frog being fitted to and adjustably sevthe levei1 just as the fitted upon said steps and securedcured-upon said steps; plane-irons; a clamping-bow; and a cam -lever formed with a curved working surface 24a, which as the lever is turned gradually forces the bow against the plane-irons, said surface 24a terminating in a tangential stop-surface 24h, which arrests point of greatest compression is reached.

1S. 'In a plane, the combination of a stock and a frog; said stock having at the rear border of the throat a depressed step, and said frog having a foot bearing upon said step; at least one of said step and foot elements being finished in substantial parallelism with the working surface of the stock and also engaging with and guiding the other thereof; said stock also having well in rear of said throat an elevated step, and said frog also having a base adapted to rest upon said elevated. step; and at least one of said elevated- Step and frog-base elements beingalso finished in parallelism with the workin g surface of said stock and engaging with and guiding theother thereof; whereby said frog may be adjusted forth and back in substantial parallelism with the said working surface, so as t o close and open the throat, and be always conjointly supported by said steps.

19. In a plane, the combination of a stock and a frog; said stock having at tlie rear border of the throat a depressed step, and said frog having a foot bearing upon said step; at least one of said step and foot elements be IOO ing finished in substantial parallelism with the surface of the plane and also engaging with and guiding the other thereof; said stock also having well in rear of saidthr'oat an elevated step, and said frog also having a base adapted to rest upon said elevated step; and at least one of said elevated-step and :frogbase elements being also finished in parallelism with the working surface of said stock and engaging with and guiding the other thereof; whereby said frog may be adj usted forth and back in substantial parallelism with the said working surface so as to close and open the throat, and be always conjointly supported by said steps; a fore-and-aft screw threaded into the material of said stock beneath the base of said frog; andaconnection between said frog and said screw; whereby said frog may -be adjusted forth and back.

20. In a plane, the combination of a stock and a frog;said stock havingatthe rear border of the throat a depressed step, and said frog having a foot bearing upon said step; at least one of said step and foot elements being finished in substantial parallelism with the surface of the plane and also engaging with and guiding the other thereof; saidstock also having well in rear of said throat an elevated step, and said frog also having a base adapted to rest upon'said elevated step; at least one of said elevated-step and frog-base elements being also nished in parallelism with the working surface of said stock and engaging withand guiding the other thereof;

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whereby said frog may be adjusted forth and back in substantial parallelism with the said working surface, so as to close and open the throat, and still be firmly supported upon said steps conjointly; and a screw threaded down into the material of said elevated step, and eective to clamp said frog to said stock at all adjustments of the former.

2l. In a plane, the combination of a stock and a frog; said stock having at the rear edge of the throat a depressed step, and said frog having a foot bearing upon said step; at least one of said step and foot elements being finished in substantial parallelism with the surface of the plane and also engaging with and guiding the other thereof; said stock also having well in rear of said throat an elevated step, and said frog also having a base adapted to rest upon said elevated step; at least one of said elevated step and frogbase elements being also finished in parallelism with the working surface of said stock and engaging with and guiding the other thereof; whereby said frog may be adjusted forth and back in substantial parallelism with the said working face so as to close and open the throat, and always be supported by said steps; a fore-and-aft screw threaded into the material of said stock beneath the base of said frog; a connection between said frog and said screw wherebysaid frog may be adjusted forth and back; and a screw threaded down into the material of said step and effective to clamp said frog to said stock at all adjustments of the former.

22. A metal plane-stock having athin sole and thin side flanges and also having a high rib erected upon the sole and trussing the side anges, so as to form a box-like device well in rear of the throat; said stock being also provided forwardly of said rib with a depressed step, and having also a rear elevated bearing-surface having a stepwise relation to said depressed step and which conjointly with said depressed step forms a chair in combination with a frog formed to engage and be guided by the parallel surfaces of said steps, be adjusted forth and back finished in substantiatparwhereby it may said steps being allelism with the working surface of said stock.

23. In a plane, the combination with a stock, of a frog thereon adjustable fore and aft in parallelism with the working surface of said stock; and plane-irons carried by said frog; said frog at its forward end both aording a direct support for the lower ends of the planeirons, and also at said forward end and close to the lower ends of said plane-irons bearing upon the sole of the stock at all positions to which said frog may be adjusted; and separate means for supporting the main portion orbody of said frog in such a manner as to permit said 'adjustment thereof; said separate supporting means being engaged by said frog at a material elevation above the sole of said stock.

24. In a plane, the combination with a stock, of a frog bearing upon the sole of the plane at 'the rear border of the throat; an elevated support well in rear of the throat; said frog having a main seat resting upon said elevated support; means for clamping said frog; a fore-and-aft screw threaded into said support beneath said frog; and an ear provided upon said frog and connected to said screw, whereby the frog may be adjusted by turning said screw; said frog, at all such adjustments thereof, bearing at its front end upon the sole at the rear border' of the throat.

25. ln a plane, the combination of a stock and a frog clamped thereon; a main support for said frog being provided upon said stock and rising to a material elevation above the sole thereof; and afore-and-aft screw threaded into said main support beneath said frog and connected to the latter so as to effect fore-and-aft adjustments thereof; said frog having a part which extends forwardly and downwardly from said support and bears at its lower end upon the sole of the stock at the rear border of the throat, at all adjustmentseffected by said screw.

HENRY RICHARDS.

Vitnesses:

H. S. WALTER, W. J. WORAM. 

